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Ἐγένοντο
Egenonto
There were
verb · 2nd aorist · indicative
δὲ
de
however
conjunction
καὶ
kai
also
conjunction
ψευδοπροφῆται
pseudoprophētai
false prophets
noun · nominative
ἐν
en
among
preposition
τῷ
tō
the
definite article · dative
λαῷ
laō
people
noun · dative
ὡς
hōs
as
particle or disjunctive
καὶ
kai
also
conjunction
ἐν
en
among
preposition
ὑμῖν
humin
you
personal pronoun · dative
ἔσονται
esontai
there will be
verb · future · indicative
ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι
pseudodidaskaloi
false teachers
noun · nominative
οἵτινες
oitines
who
relative pronoun · nominative
παρεισάξουσιν
pareisaxousin
will stealthily introduce
verb · future · indicative
αἱρέσεις
haireseis
heresies
noun · accusative
ἀπωλείας
apōleias
destructive
noun · genitive
καὶ
kai
even
conjunction
τὸν
ton
the
definite article · accusative
ἀγοράσαντα
agorasanta
having bought
verb · aorist · participle
αὐτοὺς
autous
them
personal pronoun · accusative
δεσπότην
despotēn
Master
noun · accusative
ἀρνούμενοι
arnoumenoi
denying
verb · present · participle
ἐπάγοντες
epagontes
bringing upon
verb · present · participle
ἑαυτοῖς
he'autois
themselves
reflexive pronoun · dative
ταχινὴν
tachinēn
imminent
adjective · accusative
ἀπώλειαν
apōleian
destruction
noun · accusative
Now there were also false prophets among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you. They will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them — bringing swift destruction on themselves.
καὶ
kai
And
conjunction
πολλοὶ
polloi
many
adjective · nominative
ἐξακολουθήσουσιν
exakolouthēsousin
will follow after
verb · future · indicative
αὐτῶν
autōn
their
personal pronoun · genitive
ταῖς
tais
(the)
definite article · dative
ἀσελγείαις
aselgeiais
sensuality
noun · dative
δι
di᾽
through
preposition
οὓς
hous
whom
relative pronoun · accusative
ἡ
hē
the
definite article · nominative
ὁδὸς
hodos
way
noun · nominative
τῆς
tēs
of the
definite article · genitive
ἀληθείας
alētheias
truth
noun · genitive
βλασφημηθήσεται
blasphēmēthēsetai
will be denigrated
verb · future · indicative
Many will follow in their depravity, and because of them the way of truth will be defamed.
καὶ
kai
And
conjunction
ἐν
en
through
preposition
πλεονεξίᾳ
pleonexia
covetousness
noun · dative
πλαστοῖς
plastois
with fabricated
adjective · dative
λόγοις
logois
words
noun · dative
ὑμᾶς
humas
you
personal pronoun · accusative
ἐμπορεύσονται
emporeusontai
they will exploit
verb · future · indicative
οἷς
hois
for whom
relative pronoun · dative
τὸ
to
the
definite article · nominative
κρίμα
krima
judgment
noun · nominative
ἔκπαλαι
ekpalai
of long ago
adverb
οὐκ
ouk
not
negative particle
ἀργεῖ
argei
is idle
verb · present · indicative
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
ἡ
hē
the
definite article · nominative
ἀπώλεια
apōleia
destruction
noun · nominative
αὐτῶν
autōn
of them
personal pronoun · genitive
οὐ
ou
not
negative particle
νυστάζει.¶
nustazei
slumbers
verb · present · indicative
In their greed, these false teachers will exploit you with deceptive words. The longstanding verdict against them remains in force, and their destruction does not sleep.
Εἰ
Ei
If
conjunction
γὰρ
gar
for
conjunction
ὁ
ho
the
definite article · nominative
θεὸς
theos
God
noun · nominative
ἀγγέλων
angelōn
of [the] angels
noun · genitive
ἁμαρτησάντων
hamartēsantōn
[who] having sinned
verb · aorist · participle
οὐκ
ouk
not
negative particle
ἐφείσατο
epheisato
spared
verb · aorist · indicative
ἀλλὰ
alla
but
conjunction
σειραῖς
seirais
in chains
noun · dative
ζόφου
zophou
of gloomy darkness
noun · genitive
ταρταρώσας
tartarōsas
to Tartarus
verb · aorist · participle
παρέδωκεν
paredōken
He delivered [them]
verb · aorist · indicative
εἰς
eis
for
preposition
κρίσιν
krisin
judgment
noun · accusative
τηρουμένους
tēroumenous
being kept
verb · present · participle
For if God did not spare the angels when they sinned, but cast them deep into hell, placing them in chains of darkness to be held for judgment;
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
ἀρχαίου
archaiou
[the] ancient
adjective · genitive
κόσμου
kosmou
world
noun · genitive
οὐκ
ouk
not
negative particle
ἐφείσατο
epheisato
He spared
verb · aorist · indicative
ἀλλ
all᾽
but
conjunction
ὄγδοον
ogdoon
one of eight
adjective · accusative
Νῶε
Nōe
Noah
noun · accusative
δικαιοσύνης
dikaiosunēs
of righteousness
noun · genitive
κήρυκα
kēruka
a herald
noun · accusative
ἐφύλαξεν
ephulaxen
preserved
verb · aorist · indicative
κατακλυσμὸν
kataklusmon
[the] flood upon
noun · accusative
κόσμῳ
kosmō
[the] world
noun · dative
ἀσεβῶν
asebōn
of [the] ungodly
adjective · genitive
ἐπάξας
epaxas
having brought in
verb · aorist · participle
if He did not spare the ancient world when He brought the flood on its ungodly people, but preserved Noah, a preacher of righteousness, among the eight;
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
πόλεις
poleis
[the] cities
noun · accusative
Σοδόμων
Sodomōn
of Sodom
noun · genitive
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
Γομόρρας
Gomorras
Gomorrah
noun · genitive
τεφρώσας
tephrōsas
having reduced to ashes
verb · aorist · participle
καταστροφῇ
katastrophēa
to destruction
noun · dative
κατέκρινεν
katekrinen
He condemned [them]
verb · aorist · indicative
ὑπόδειγμα
hupodeigma
an example
noun · accusative
μελλόντων
mellontōn
of what is coming on
verb · present · participle
ἀσεβέσιν
asebesin
ungodly
adjective · dative
τεθεικώς
tetheikōs
having set
verb · perfect · participle
if He condemned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to destruction, reducing them to ashes as an example of what is coming on the ungodly;
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
δίκαιον
dikaion
righteous
adjective · accusative
Λὼτ
Lōt
Lot
noun · accusative
καταπονούμενον
kataponoumenon
being distressed
verb · present · participle
ὑπὸ
hupo
by
preposition
τῆς
tēs
the
definite article · genitive
τῶν
tōn
of the
definite article · genitive
ἀθέσμων
athesmōn
lawless
adjective · genitive
ἐν
en
in
preposition
ἀσελγείᾳ
aselgeia
sensuality
noun · dative
ἀναστροφῆς
anastrophēs
conduct
noun · genitive
ἐρρύσατο
errusato
He rescued
verb · aorist · indicative
and if He rescued Lot, a righteous man distressed by the depraved conduct of the lawless
βλέμματι
blemmati
through seeing
noun · dative
γὰρ
gar
for
conjunction
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
ἀκοῇ
akoēa
hearing
noun · dative
ὁ
ho
that
definite article · nominative
δίκαιος
dikaios
righteous [man]
adjective · nominative
ἐγκατοικῶν
egkatoikōn
dwelling
verb · present · participle
ἐν
en
among
preposition
αὐτοῖς
autois
them
personal pronoun · dative
ἡμέραν
hēmeran
day
noun · accusative
ἐξ
ex
after
preposition
ἡμέρας
hēmeras
day
noun · genitive
ψυχὴν
psuchēn
in [his] soul
noun · accusative
δικαίαν
dikaian
righteous
adjective · accusative
ἀνόμοις
anomois
with [their] lawless
adjective · dative
ἔργοις
ergois
deeds
noun · dative
ἐβασάνιζεν
ebasanizen
was tormented
verb · imperfect · indicative
(for that righteous man, living among them day after day, was tormented in his righteous soul by the lawless deeds he saw and heard)—
οἶδεν
oiden
[then] knows
verb · perfect · indicative
κύριος
kurios
[the] Lord
noun · nominative
εὐσεβεῖς
eusebeis
[the] devout
adjective · accusative
ἐκ
ek
out of
preposition
πειρασμοῦ
peirasmou
temptation
noun · genitive
ῥύεσθαι
rhuesthai
to deliver
verb · present · infinitive
ἀδίκους
adikous
[the] unrighteous
adjective · accusative
δὲ
de
then
conjunction
εἰς
eis
unto
preposition
ἡμέραν
hēmeran
[the] day
noun · accusative
κρίσεως
kriseōs
of judgment
noun · genitive
κολαζομένους
kolazomenous
being punished
verb · present · participle
τηρεῖν
tērein
to keep
verb · present · infinitive
if all this is so, then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from trials and to hold the unrighteous for punishment on the day of judgment.
μάλιστα
malista
especially
adverb
δὲ
de
then
conjunction
τοὺς
tous
those
definite article · accusative
ὀπίσω
opisō
after
preposition
σαρκὸς
sarkos
[the] flesh
noun · genitive
ἐν
en
in
preposition
ἐπιθυμίᾳ
epithumia
[the] passion
noun · dative
μιασμοῦ
miasmou
of defilement
noun · genitive
πορευομένους
poreuomenous
walking
verb · present · participle
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
κυριότητος
kuriotētos
authority
noun · genitive
καταφρονοῦντας
kataphronountas
despising
verb · present · participle
τολμηταί
tolmētai
Bold
noun · nominative
αὐθάδεις
authadeis
self-willed
adjective · nominative
δόξας
doxas
glorious ones
noun · accusative
οὐ
ou
not
negative particle
τρέμουσιν
tremousin
they tremble
verb · present · indicative
βλασφημοῦντες
blasphēmountes
blaspheming
verb · present · participle
Such punishment is specially reserved for those who indulge the corrupt desires of the flesh and despise authority. Bold and self-willed, they are unafraid to slander glorious beings.
ὅπου
hopou
whereas
conjunction
ἄγγελοι
angeloi
angels
noun · nominative
ἰσχύϊ
ischui
in strength
noun · dative
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
δυνάμει
dunamei
in power
noun · dative
μείζονες
meizones
greater
adjective · nominative
ὄντες
ontes
being
verb · present · participle
οὐ
ou
not
negative particle
φέρουσιν
pherousin
they do bring
verb · present · indicative
κατ
kat᾽
against
preposition
αὐτῶν
autōn
them
personal pronoun · genitive
παρὰ
para
(from/before)
preposition
κυρίου
kuriou
[from the] Lord
noun · genitive
βλάσφημον
blasphēmon
a reviling
adjective · accusative
κρίσιν
krisin
judgment
noun · accusative
Yet not even angels, though greater in strength and power, dare to bring such slanderous charges against them before the Lord.
οὗτοι
houtoi
These
demonstrative pronoun · nominative
δὲ
de
however
conjunction
ὡς
hōs
like
particle or disjunctive
ἄλογα
aloga
irrational
adjective · nominative
ζῷα
zōa
animals
noun · nominative
γεγεννημένα
gegennēmena
they were born
verb · perfect · participle
φυσικὰ
phusika
as creatures of instinct
adjective · nominative
εἰς
eis
for
preposition
ἅλωσιν
halōsin
capture
noun · accusative
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
φθοράν
phthoran
destruction
noun · accusative
ἐν
en
in
preposition
οἷς
hois
what
relative pronoun · dative
ἀγνοοῦσιν
agnoousin
they are ignorant of
verb · present · indicative
βλασφημοῦντες
blasphēmountes
blaspheming
verb · present · participle
ἐν
en
in
preposition
τῇ
tēa
the
definite article · dative
φθορᾷ
phthora
destruction
noun · dative
αὐτῶν
autōn
of them
personal pronoun · genitive
καὶ
kai
also
conjunction
φθαρήσονται
phtharēsontai
will be destroyed
verb · 2nd future · indicative
These men are like irrational animals, creatures of instinct, born to be captured and destroyed. They blaspheme in matters they do not understand, and like such creatures, they too will be destroyed.
ἀδικούμενοι
adikoumenoi
suffering
verb · present · participle
μισθὸν
misthon
[as the] wage
noun · accusative
ἀδικίας
adikias
of unrighteousness
noun · genitive
ἡδονὴν
hēdonēn
[as] pleasure
noun · accusative
ἡγούμενοι
hēgoumenoi
esteeming
verb · present · participle
τὴν
tēn
(the)
definite article · accusative
ἐν
en
in
preposition
ἡμέρᾳ
hēmera
daytime
noun · dative
τρυφήν
truphēn
carousal
noun · accusative
σπίλοι
spiloi
blots
noun · nominative
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
μῶμοι
mōmoi
blemishes
noun · nominative
ἐντρυφῶντες
entruphōntes
reveling
verb · present · participle
ἐν
en
in
preposition
ταῖς
tais
the
definite article · dative
ἀπάταις
apatais
deceptions
noun · dative
αὐτῶν
autōn
of them
personal pronoun · genitive
συνευωχούμενοι
suneuōchoumenoi
feasting with
verb · present · participle
ὑμῖν
humin
you
personal pronoun · dative
The harm they will suffer is the wages of their wickedness. They consider it a pleasure to carouse in broad daylight. They are blots and blemishes, reveling in their deception as they feast with you.
ὀφθαλμοὺς
ophthalmous
eyes
noun · accusative
ἔχοντες
echontes
having
verb · present · participle
μεστοὺς
mestous
full
adjective · accusative
μοιχαλίδος
moichalidos
of adultery
adjective · genitive
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
ἀκαταπαύστους
akatapaustous
unceasing
adjective · accusative
ἁμαρτίας
hamartias
from sin
noun · genitive
δελεάζοντες
deleazontes
enticing
verb · present · participle
ψυχὰς
psuchas
souls
noun · accusative
ἀστηρίκτους
astēriktous
unestablished
adjective · accusative
καρδίαν
kardian
a heart
noun · accusative
γεγυμνασμένην
gegumnasmenēn
exercised
verb · perfect · participle
πλεονεξίας
pleonexias
in craving
noun · genitive
ἔχοντες
echontes
having —
verb · present · participle
κατάρας
kataras
of a curse
noun · genitive
τέκνα
tekna
children
noun · nominative
Their eyes are full of adultery; their desire for sin is never satisfied; they seduce the unstable. They are accursed children with hearts trained in greed.
καταλείποντες
kataleipontes
leaving
verb · present · participle
τὴν
tēn
the
definite article · accusative
εὐθεῖαν
eutheian
straight
adjective · accusative
ὁδὸν
hodon
way
noun · accusative
ἐπλανήθησαν
eplanēthēsan
they have gone astray
verb · aorist · indicative
ἐξακολουθήσαντες
exakolouthēsantes
having followed
verb · aorist · participle
τῇ
tēa
in the
definite article · dative
ὁδῷ
hodō
way
noun · dative
τοῦ
tou
(the)
definite article · genitive
Βαλαὰμ
Balaam
of Balaam
noun · genitive
τοῦ
tou
(the)
definite article · genitive
Βοσόρ
Bosor
[son] of Bosor
noun · genitive
ὃς
hos
who
relative pronoun · nominative
μισθὸν
misthon
[the] wage
noun · accusative
ἀδικίας
adikias
of unrighteousness
noun · genitive
ἠγάπησεν
ēgapēsen
loved
verb · aorist · indicative
They have left the straight way and wandered off to follow the way of Balaam son of Beor, who loved the wages of wickedness.
ἔλεγξιν
elegxin
reproof
noun · accusative
δὲ
de
however
conjunction
ἔσχεν
eschen
he had
verb · 2nd aorist · indicative
ἰδίας
idias
for his own
adjective · genitive
παρανομίας
paranomias
transgression
noun · genitive
ὑποζύγιον
hupozugion
[by] a donkey
noun · nominative
ἄφωνον
aphōnon
mute
adjective · nominative
ἐν
en
in
preposition
ἀνθρώπου
anthrōpou
a man’s
noun · genitive
φωνῇ
phōnēa
voice
noun · dative
φθεγξάμενον
phthegxamenon
having spoken
verb · aorist · participle
ἐκώλυσεν
ekōlusen
it restrained
verb · aorist · indicative
τὴν
tēn
the
definite article · accusative
τοῦ
tou
of the
definite article · genitive
προφήτου
prophētou
prophet
noun · genitive
παραφρονίαν
paraphronian
madness
noun · accusative
But he was rebuked for his transgression by a donkey, otherwise without speech, that spoke with a man’s voice and restrained the prophet’s madness.
οὗτοί
houtoi
These
demonstrative pronoun · nominative
εἰσιν
eisin
are
verb · present · indicative
πηγαὶ
pēgai
springs
noun · nominative
ἄνυδροι
anudroi
without water
adjective · nominative
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
ὁμίχλαι
homichlai
mists
noun · nominative
ὑπὸ
hupo
by
preposition
λαίλαπος
lailapos
storm
noun · genitive
ἐλαυνόμεναι
elaunomenai
being driven
verb · present · participle
οἷς
hois
for whom
relative pronoun · dative
ὁ
ho
(the)
definite article · nominative
ζόφος
zophos
gloom
noun · nominative
τοῦ
tou
(the)
definite article · genitive
σκότους
skotous
of darkness
noun · genitive
εἰς
eis
into
preposition
αἰῶνα
aiōna
age
noun · accusative
τετήρηται.¶
tetērētai
has been reserved
verb · perfect · indicative
These men are springs without water and mists driven by a storm. Blackest darkness is reserved for them.
Ὑπέρογκα
Huperogka
Arrogant
adjective · accusative
γὰρ
gar
for
conjunction
ματαιότητος
mataiotētos
of vanity
noun · genitive
φθεγγόμενοι
phthengomenoi
speaking words
verb · present · participle
δελεάζουσιν
deleazousin
they entice
verb · present · indicative
ἐν
en
with
preposition
ἐπιθυμίαις
epithumiais
[the] passions
noun · dative
σαρκὸς
sarkos
of [the] flesh
noun · genitive
ἀσελγείαις
aselgeiais
to sensuality
noun · dative
τοὺς
tous
those
definite article · accusative
ὀλίγως
oligōs
scarcely
adverb
ἀποφεύγοντας
apopheugontas
escaping
verb · present · participle
τοὺς
tous
from those
definite article · accusative
ἐν
en
in
preposition
πλάνῃ
planē
error
noun · dative
ἀναστρεφομένους
anastrephomenous
living
verb · present · participle
With lofty but empty words, they appeal to the sensual passions of the flesh and entice those who are just escaping from others who live in error.
ἐλευθερίαν
eleutherian
freedom
noun · accusative
αὐτοῖς
autois
them
personal pronoun · dative
ἐπαγγελλόμενοι
epangellomenoi
promising
verb · present · participle
αὐτοὶ
autoi
themselves
personal pronoun · nominative
δοῦλοι
douloi
slaves
noun · nominative
ὑπάρχοντες
huparchontes
being
verb · present · participle
τῆς
tēs
(the)
definite article · genitive
φθορᾶς
phthoras
of corruption
noun · genitive
ᾧ
hō
By what
relative pronoun · dative
γάρ
gar
for
conjunction
τις
tis
anyone
indefinite pronoun · nominative
ἥττηται
hēttētai
has been subdued
verb · perfect · indicative
τούτῳ
toutō
by that
demonstrative pronoun · dative
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
δεδούλωται
dedoulōtai
he has been enslaved
verb · perfect · indicative
They promise them freedom, while they themselves are slaves to depravity. For a man is a slave to whatever has mastered him.
εἰ
ei
If
conjunction
γὰρ
gar
for
conjunction
ἀποφυγόντες
apophugontes
having escaped
verb · 2nd aorist · participle
τὰ
ta
the
definite article · accusative
μιάσματα
miasmata
pollutions
noun · accusative
τοῦ
tou
of the
definite article · genitive
κόσμου
kosmou
world
noun · genitive
ἐν
en
through
preposition
ἐπιγνώσει
epignōsei
[the] knowledge
noun · dative
τοῦ
tou
of the
definite article · genitive
κυρίου
kuriou
Lord
noun · genitive
ἡμῶν
hēmōn
of us
personal pronoun · genitive
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
σωτῆρος
sōtēros
Savior
noun · genitive
Ἰησοῦ
Iēsou
Jesus
noun · genitive
Χριστοῦ
Christou
Christ
noun · genitive
τούτοις
toutois
in these
demonstrative pronoun · dative
δὲ
de
now
conjunction
πάλιν
palin
again
adverb
ἐμπλακέντες
emplakentes
having been entangled
verb · 2nd aorist · participle
ἡττῶνται
hēttōntai
they are subdued
verb · present · indicative
γέγονεν
gegonen
has become
verb · 2nd perfect · indicative
αὐτοῖς
autois
to them
personal pronoun · dative
τὰ
ta
the
definite article · nominative
ἔσχατα
eschata
last [state]
adjective · nominative
χείρονα
cheirona
worse
adjective · nominative
τῶν
tōn
than the
definite article · genitive
πρώτων
prōtōn
first
adjective · genitive
If indeed they have escaped the corruption of the world through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, only to be entangled and overcome by it again, their final condition is worse than it was at first.
κρεῖττον
kreitton
Better
adjective · nominative
γὰρ
gar
for
conjunction
ἦν
ēn
it was being
verb · imperfect · indicative
αὐτοῖς
autois
for them
personal pronoun · dative
μὴ
mē
not
negative particle
ἐπεγνωκέναι
epegnōkenai
to have known
verb · perfect · infinitive
τὴν
tēn
the
definite article · accusative
ὁδὸν
hodon
way
noun · accusative
τῆς
tēs
(the)
definite article · genitive
δικαιοσύνης
dikaiosunēs
of righteousness
noun · genitive
ἢ
ē
than
conjunction
ἐπιγνοῦσιν
epignousin
having known [it]
verb · 2nd aorist · participle
ὑποστρέψαι
hupostrepsai
to have turned
verb · aorist · infinitive
ἐκ
ek
from
preposition
τῆς
tēs
the
definite article · genitive
παραδοθείσης
paradotheisēs
having been delivered
verb · aorist · participle
αὐτοῖς
autois
to them
personal pronoun · dative
ἁγίας
hagias
holy
adjective · genitive
ἐντολῆς
entolēs
commandment
noun · genitive
It would have been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness than to have known it and then to turn away from the holy commandment passed on to them.
συμβέβηκεν
sumbebēken
Has happened
verb · perfect · indicative
δὲ
de
now
conjunction
αὐτοῖς
autois
to them
personal pronoun · dative
τὸ
to
the [thing]
definite article · nominative
τῆς
tēs
of the
definite article · genitive
ἀληθοῦς
alēthous
true
adjective · genitive
παροιμίας
paroimias
proverb
noun · genitive
κύων
kuōn
A dog
noun · nominative
ἐπιστρέψας
epistrepsas
having returned
verb · aorist · participle
ἐπὶ
epi
to
preposition
τὸ
to
(the)
definite article · accusative
ἴδιον
idion
[its] own
adjective · accusative
ἐξέραμα
exerama
vomit
noun · accusative
καὶ
kai
and
conjunction
ὗς
hus
A sow
noun · nominative
λουσαμένη
lousamenē
having washed
verb · aorist · participle
εἰς
eis
to [her]
preposition
κυλισμὸν
kulismon
rolling place
noun · accusative
βορβόρου.¶
borborou
in [the] mire
noun · genitive
Of them the proverbs are true: “A dog returns to its vomit,” and, “A sow that is washed goes back to her wallowing in the mud.”
2 Peter 1
2 Peter 3
Grammar, simply: what the labels mean · Look up a word
English: Berean Standard Bible (public domain). Hebrew and Greek data from STEPBible.org (Tyndale House, Cambridge), CC BY 4.0. Grammar from STEPBible.org (Tyndale House, Cambridge, CC BY 4.0). Sentence structure and references from MACULA Greek and Hebrew (Biblica / Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0). Meaning groups from the UBS MARBLE Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Greek, based on Louw & Nida. Words marked with a dotted line are found in only some manuscripts.