Study notes

1 Chronicles 4

Introducing 1 ChroniclesWho wrote it, when, why, and what to look for as you read

1:1–9:34 Section

The family lines recorded in 1 Chronicles start with Adam. They stop around the year 538 BC. That is when Cyrus allowed Jews living in Babylon to return to Judah.

These family lines were a short way to describe the entire history of God’s people. That history was told in the books of the Bible from Genesis to 2 Kings. After Adam, the family lines follow many people that God chose to make a covenant with. This includes Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and David.

The family lines also follow people groups that God didn’t make a covenant with. This includes the families of Ishmael and Esau. These families were important in the history of the 12 tribes of Israel. The family lines follow Jacob’s sons except for Dan and Zebulun. They were part of the northern kingdom.

1 Chronicles made something clear about the tribes of the northern kingdom. They never returned from Assyria. That is where they had been forced to live in exile. 1 Chronicles also made something clear about God. God answered people who cried out to him and trusted him for help. This was true when Jabesh prayed (prayer). It was true when the tribes east of the River Jordan prayed during a battle.

The family lines focus on the tribes of Judah and of Levi and on King David. 1 Chronicles follows these family lines until the end of the exile of the southern kingdom. This helped Jews to understand something important. They had faced the covenant curses. They had been forced to leave the land God had given them. But God was still faithful to them. Those who had returned to Judah should remember David’s example. They should remember the example of the Levites David appointed. They should obey the Mount Sinai covenant and worship God faithfully.

4:9–10

The section about Jabez stands alone, allowing the Chronicler to explain his name's origin. Jabez is not mentioned earlier, although it is also the name of a town where some of Hur's son Salma's descendants lived (1 Chronicles 2:55). Jabez likely got his name because he caused his mother pain, fulfilling Eve's curse (Genesis 3:16). Despite his name being a curse, he was more honorable than his brothers, and his prayer changed his life's outcome. The prayer is poetic and includes a plea for blessing, along with requests for prosperity and protection from harm. His last request might mean "keep me from causing trouble and pain." God listened to his prayer and removed his curse.

4:9–20

The exact family trees of Judah's remaining descendants are unknown. The Chronicler likely had incomplete information.

4:13–15

The name Kenaz also appears as a descendant of Esau through Eliphaz (Genesis 36:11). Kenaz's descendants are known as the Kenizzites. The Kenizzites lived in the southern part of the land and had ties with Judah and Edom. Caleb, son of Jephunneh, was a Kenizzite (Numbers 32:12; Joshua 14:6) and had a brother named Kenaz (Joshua 15:17), whose family is listed here.

4:18

Mered's wife, Bithia, was a daughter of Pharaoh. This made some of Judah's descendants part Egyptian.

4:24

After finishing the genealogy of Judah’s descendants (1 Chronicles 2:3–4:23), the Chronicler examines the records for the other sons of Israel (compare 2:1–2).

4:34–43

The list of men described as leaders of Simeon's wealthy clans (1 Chronicles 4:34–38) leads into the description of Simeon's geographic expansion (4:38–43). The tribe expanded with thirteen family leaders during Hezekiah's time (late 700s BC) in the Gerar area. This might have been part of Hezekiah's military action against Philistine territories (2 Kings 18:8).

4:39

Gedor: The exact location is unclear because Gedor (in Hebrew) is a common name. The Greek version, Gerar, likely refers to a city in Philistia, west of Judah (Genesis 10:19).

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