Study notes

1 Samuel 19

Introducing 1 SamuelWho wrote it, when, why, and what to look for as you read

18:1–23:29 Section

Saul’s family members loved David. Jonathan made a covenant of friendship with David that would last for ever. Jonathan accepted that God chose David to be Israel’s next king. He wanted to support David when David was king. He protected David from Saul many times.

Saul’s daughter Michal was in love with David. As David’s wife, she was willing to lie to her father to protect David. David had more and more success as an officer in Saul’s army. But Saul was controlled more and more by fear and jealousy. He refused to accept that God had chosen David to be king.

Instead of turning back to God, Saul tried over and over to kill David. First he sent David into battles hoping that he would be killed while fighting. Then Saul tried to kill Jonathan for protecting David. After that, David ran away from Saul. Saul had an entire town of priests killed because Ahimelek helped David. This showed that Saul had no respect for people who were anointed to serve God.

Many soldiers and their families joined David when he ran away from Saul. So did Abiathar the priest. But many other Israelites were willing to hand David over to Saul. Even so, David and his men still rescued the Israelites from the Philistines.

19:4

Jonathan addressed his father as the king to show respect.

19:13

  • A household idol: The Hebrew word teraphim refers to household idols (small images used in homes, often for worship or protection). These idols appear in several Old Testament passages, such as Genesis 31:30; Judges 17:5; and 2 Kings 23:24. Having an idol in David and Michal's home might show how common pagan idol worship was among the Israelites. The idol might have belonged to Michal. David did not seem to object to Michal having it. (Compare to Rachel stealing her father’s household idols in Genesis 31:19.)

  • Siblings Jonathan (1 Samuel 19:1–7) and Michal (19:11–18) saved David from their father and disrupted their father’s plans to harm him. Members of Saul’s royal family were important in David’s rise, though David did not take Saul’s throne by force.

19:18

  • Ramah: This was Samuel’s hometown (1 Samuel 1:1).

  • Naioth was a small village near another Ramah in the region of Benjamin.

19:21

messengers … a third time: Each time Saul sent troops, the Spirit captured David's would-be captors. Prophesying distracted them from chasing David.

19:24

  • When Saul tore off his clothes and lay naked (that is, without his royal garments), he unknowingly showed his true spiritual condition. God had stripped him of the kingship. Earlier passages explain this rejection (1 Samuel 13:14; 15:10–11, 23; see “Prophetic Sign Acts” Theme Note).

  • Is Saul also among the prophets?: In 1 Samuel 10:9–13, Saul was rising as God’s chosen king. Here, he is moving downward under the weight of God’s rejection.

Verse notes: Adapted by Mission Mutual (Aquifer Open Study Notes) from Tyndale Open Study Notes © 2023 Tyndale House Publishers. CC BY-SA 4.0. Section notes: Biblica Study Notes © 2023 Biblica, Inc. CC BY-SA 4.0, via BibleAquifer. About the sources