Study notes

Hosea 13

Introducing HoseaWho wrote it, when, why, and what to look for as you read

4:1–14:9 Section

The people and leaders of the northern kingdom hadn’t loved God. They hadn’t shown faithfulness to him. The way that God explained this was like bringing charges against them in court. God accused them of not being faithful to the Mount Sinai covenant.

The people and leaders of the northern kingdom didn’t honour God as God. They stole and told lies. They committed murder and adultery. These things went against the Ten Commandments. The ways that God’s people acted brought harm to the land and animals around them. This showed that they weren’t being rulers of God’s creation like they should be.

They burnt incense to false gods on high places. They killed human beings and sacrificed them to false gods. This showed that God’s people didn’t recognise who God is. They didn’t recognise how he wanted to be worshipped.

The priests didn’t lead the people in following the Law of Moses. Many prophets didn’t speak the truth to the people. God’s people made fun of prophets who did speak the truth. The kings and princes didn’t follow God’s rules for kings recorded in Deuteronomy 17:14–20. They depended on the strength of their large armies and the armies of other nations. They trusted nations like Egypt and Assyria to save them when they were attacked. They didn’t cry out to God when they needed help.

Because of all of these things, God had made a decision. He would no longer keep the covenant curses from coming upon them. He would allow the northern kingdom to be destroyed by the armies of Assyria. The people and leaders of the northern kingdom would suffer terribly. Many would be killed and many would be forced to leave their land. They would be forced to live in Assyria and other nations. This was the exile of the northern kingdom.

God was very sad about this decision. He didn’t want it to happen. He wanted to bless and heal his people and give them success. But he could only do that if they changed their ways and did what was right and fair. He could do it if they recognised that he is God. He could do it if they asked him to forgive them. That was why God sent them messages through Hosea. God understood that his people refused to turn back to him. They refused to repent of their sin with their whole heart. But God’s heart was full of kindness, pity and mercy towards them. He described himself as Israel’s father. God was gentle and tender towards his son. He didn’t want his son to be destroyed.

God promised something for after the time of judgement. He promised to bring his people back from exile. Then they would follow God faithfully and he would love them freely.

13:1

  • At the height of its power, the tribe of Ephraim caused fear among other Israelites (see Isaiah 7:2).

  • he [Ephraim] died: Because of their idolatry, they separated themselves from the Lord, the only true source of life.

13:3

  • God judged idolatrous Ephraim by saying they would disappear (compare Hosea 6:4).

  • Mist, dew, chaff, and smoke all represent things that do not last.

13:4–5

there is no Savior: The Lord proved this to Israel during the exodus and their time in the wilderness.

13:6

their hearts became proud, and. … forgot Me: They did not rely on the Lord for safety. Instead, they trusted their kings, armies, and wealth (see Hosea 2:13).

13:7–8

God judged Israel using the Assyrian army as his tool for punishment. The description of God's attack highlights the Assyrians' cruelty to those they conquered.

13:10

Where is your king: When Hoshea's alliance with Egypt failed (see Hosea 12:1), he attempted to make peace with Assyria. However, they captured and imprisoned him (2 Kings 17:4). The Israelites had depended on their armies and kings for salvation instead of the Lord, and now no one could save them.

13:11

Israel had chosen its kings without asking the Lord, so now he would take them away in anger.

13:12

God had carefully stored up the record of Israel’s sin and guilt. He could not escape his punishment.

13:13

Israel was like a child in the womb who resisted being born (an unwise son). Amazingly, Israel preferred to stay in the womb rather than receive life from the Lord.

13:14

Sheol refers to the realm of the dead (see Job 3:11–19; see also study note on Job 7:9). The Lord rules over Sheol and could save Israel if he chose to. However, he will not show mercy to the Israelites and calls upon death to punish them.

13:16

  • In 722 BC, Assyria captured Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom (2 Kings 17:5–6). Thousands died during the three-year siege, and many more were exiled. This happened because they rebelled against their God.

  • The terrible act of killing pregnant women is also mentioned in Amos 1:13 and 2 Kings 15:16.

Verse notes: Adapted by Mission Mutual (Aquifer Open Study Notes) from Tyndale Open Study Notes © 2023 Tyndale House Publishers. CC BY-SA 4.0. Section notes: Biblica Study Notes © 2023 Biblica, Inc. CC BY-SA 4.0, via BibleAquifer. About the sources