Study notes

Proverbs 30

Introducing ProverbsWho wrote it, when, why, and what to look for as you read

10:1–30:33 Section

Many poems, sayings and proverbs are collected in this section of the book of Proverbs. Some were written or collected by people who are named. This includes Solomon, Hezekiah and Agur. Others were written or collected by people who aren’t named. This includes the sayings of a group called the wise people (Proverbs 22:17 – 24:34).

People can become wise when God gives them wisdom. This was true in Solomon’s case. The story about this is recorded in 1 Kings 3:1–15. People can also become wise by studying the world around them. This includes studying plants, animals, weather, other people and everything God made. As people study, they gain knowledge. They come to understand many things about how life works. These are lessons or patterns that they have noticed. When knowledge and understanding are combined with respect for God, they become godly wisdom.

For hundreds of years in Israel, wise people shared with others these lessons and patterns. They shared them through poems, sayings and proverbs. The poems, sayings and proverbs in this section give instruction about many different matters. These matters include anger, jealousy, arguing, food, honour, being humble and pride. They include relationships in family groups, between husbands and wives and between parents and children. They include relationships in communities, between men and women and between friends and neighbours. They include money and relationships between rich people and poor people. They include matters of work, being lazy, farming, business and trade. They include justice and matters of courts and of government. They also include the mind, heart, mouth and ears of each person. All the instructions teach about doing what is right and fair.

30:1

  • This superscription likely refers to all of Proverbs 30.

  • Agur son of Jakeh: Besides this mention, Agur and Jakeh are not known. If “from Massa” is correct, as some translations use, then Agur was not an Israelite (the tribe of Massa is known from Assyrian texts).

30:1–3

Agur admits he does not know everything (compare Psalm 73:22, where the psalmist calls himself senseless). The first step toward wisdom is admitting our ignorance.

30:4–6

Unlike Agur's lack of knowledge and power, God's strength and wisdom are evident (compare Psalm 18:30). This is encouraging to Agur, as he knows God protects everyone who seeks Him.

30:15–16

  • The number parallelism (three...four) is a method to list poetic examples. This list shows powers that are never satisfied and often dangerous. See also Proverbs 30:18–19, 21–23, 29–31.

  • The grave, representing death, never seems to have enough—people keep dying (Proverbs 27:20).

  • barren womb: Women unable to have children often long for them, like Sarah before Isaac, Rebekah before Esau and Jacob, and Hannah before Samuel.

  • The thirsty desert and a fire consume everything in their path.

30:18–19

The writer is amazed at how one thing affects another.

30:20

The writer is shocked by sex outside of marriage.

30:21–23

  • This proverb lists four things that make the earth tremble because they disrupt the natural order.

  • who is filled with food: In the ancient Near East, as in many non-industrialized parts of the world today, having enough food was a sign of prosperity.

30:24–28

Here is another example of number parallelism: small, seemingly insignificant animals can be surprisingly powerful and resourceful.

Verse notes: Adapted by Mission Mutual (Aquifer Open Study Notes) from Tyndale Open Study Notes © 2023 Tyndale House Publishers. CC BY-SA 4.0. Section notes: Biblica Study Notes © 2023 Biblica, Inc. CC BY-SA 4.0, via BibleAquifer. About the sources