Study notes

Hosea 11

Introducing HoseaWho wrote it, when, why, and what to look for as you read

4:1–14:9 Section

The people and leaders of the northern kingdom hadn’t loved God. They hadn’t shown faithfulness to him. The way that God explained this was like bringing charges against them in court. God accused them of not being faithful to the Mount Sinai covenant.

The people and leaders of the northern kingdom didn’t honour God as God. They stole and told lies. They committed murder and adultery. These things went against the Ten Commandments. The ways that God’s people acted brought harm to the land and animals around them. This showed that they weren’t being rulers of God’s creation like they should be.

They burnt incense to false gods on high places. They killed human beings and sacrificed them to false gods. This showed that God’s people didn’t recognise who God is. They didn’t recognise how he wanted to be worshipped.

The priests didn’t lead the people in following the Law of Moses. Many prophets didn’t speak the truth to the people. God’s people made fun of prophets who did speak the truth. The kings and princes didn’t follow God’s rules for kings recorded in Deuteronomy 17:14–20. They depended on the strength of their large armies and the armies of other nations. They trusted nations like Egypt and Assyria to save them when they were attacked. They didn’t cry out to God when they needed help.

Because of all of these things, God had made a decision. He would no longer keep the covenant curses from coming upon them. He would allow the northern kingdom to be destroyed by the armies of Assyria. The people and leaders of the northern kingdom would suffer terribly. Many would be killed and many would be forced to leave their land. They would be forced to live in Assyria and other nations. This was the exile of the northern kingdom.

God was very sad about this decision. He didn’t want it to happen. He wanted to bless and heal his people and give them success. But he could only do that if they changed their ways and did what was right and fair. He could do it if they recognised that he is God. He could do it if they asked him to forgive them. That was why God sent them messages through Hosea. God understood that his people refused to turn back to him. They refused to repent of their sin with their whole heart. But God’s heart was full of kindness, pity and mercy towards them. He described himself as Israel’s father. God was gentle and tender towards his son. He didn’t want his son to be destroyed.

God promised something for after the time of judgement. He promised to bring his people back from exile. Then they would follow God faithfully and he would love them freely.

11:1–11

God grieved over Israel’s unfaithfulness. Even after all he had done for them, Israel had turned into a rebellious people. Justice required serious punishment, but the final decision about Israel’s future would come from God’s tender compassion for his people, not from an abstract rule.

11:2

Despite God's love, Israel acted like a rebellious child, offering sacrifices to Baal. The punishment for a rebellious son was death (Deuteronomy 21:18–21).

11:3–4

God cared for the young nation of Israel with kindness and love.

11:5–7

Since the Israelites refused to return to the Lord, they would go back to Egypt and serve Assyria. Their past slavery in Egypt symbolized their future exile in Assyria.

11:8

  • Although justice required Israel's death, the Lord hesitated to give up Israel, let them go, or destroy his son.

  • Admah and Zeboiim were cities near Sodom and Gomorrah that God completely destroyed (Deuteronomy 29:23).

  • In Hebrew thought, the heart is the center of intellect and will.

11:9

  • I will not: The Lord alone would decide Israel’s fate. God repeated I will not three times to stress his choice not to destroy his people completely.

  • The reason for this divine decision is, I am … the Holy One among you. God's holiness sets him apart from all creation (see “God’s Absolute Holiness” Theme Note). An offended person might destroy a rebel out of anger and spite. The Holy One does not act from those motives.

11:10–11

Israel’s sin would not be the final word. God, in his holy love, would roar like a lion (see Amos 1:2; 3:8) to call his people home from exile in Babylon.

11:12–12:14

Israel has engaged in deception and dishonesty since Jacob's time.

Verse notes: Adapted by Mission Mutual (Aquifer Open Study Notes) from Tyndale Open Study Notes © 2023 Tyndale House Publishers. CC BY-SA 4.0. Section notes: Biblica Study Notes © 2023 Biblica, Inc. CC BY-SA 4.0, via BibleAquifer. About the sources