Study notes

Ezekiel 44

Introducing EzekielWho wrote it, when, why, and what to look for as you read

40:1–48:35 Section

Ezekiel’s last vision took place after he had been in Babylon for almost 25 years. This vision included everything that Ezekiel recorded through to the end of chapter 48.

Jerusalem had already been destroyed and the temple had been burnt down. The vision was about the city and the temple being made new again. Then the world around them would be made new. In this way the vision was like the story of the dry bones in chapter 37. In that story God’s people were dead. He gave them new life by putting his Spirit in them. In this vision God gave new life to Jerusalem and the temple. Then new life spread to the world from there. New life came because God’s glory returned to the temple. This meant that God ruled from there as the only God and King. God called the temple his throne and promised to live there for ever.

Ezekiel carefully recorded how long, wide and high many parts of the temple were. He described the nation’s borders. He described how much land went to each of the 12 tribes of Israel. He carefully recorded rules for sacrifices and feasts and taking care of the temple. He described the rules for priests and princes.

These careful records didn’t describe the temple rebuilt by Joshua and Zerubbabel. They didn’t describe the temple built by Herod the Great. They didn’t describe the land and people after the exile. These careful records were signs. They were signs of what God expected from his people. God expected his people to treat his name as holy. This meant that they would worship only him and obey him completely. This would allow them to fully be his people. It would allow him to fully be their God. This is what God had always wanted and why he made covenants with them.

Ezekiel’s careful records were also signs of what God planned to do on earth. He planned to do what he had promised to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. He would use their family line to bless all nations on earth.

In the vision, all 12 tribes of Israel received land. So did outsiders who had joined them. All together they were a sign of all people who were committed to God. In the vision a river flowed from the temple down to the Dead Sea. Ezekiel knew that this area was a desert and no creatures lived in the Dead Sea. But the river turned it into an area like a garden. There were many fish and creatures and many fruit trees. The trees provided fruit for food and leaves for healing people’s bodies. They brought life and were like the tree of life. The river flowed out from Jerusalem. The water of this river brought life. It was living water.

The flowing river was like something that Isaiah described. Isaiah said that God’s message would go out from Jerusalem (Isaiah 2:3). This message was knowledge about who God is and how he wants people to live. It went out from Jerusalem as God’s people spread the message. They spread it by living as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. Isaiah’s prophecies talked about people from all nations learning this message. The river in Ezekiel’s vision was a sign of this message. It was a sign of the blessing and life that come from knowing God. The blessing and life were for all nations. Blessing and life flowed out from Jerusalem because God was present there.

The Lord is there was the name for the new city of Jerusalem in Ezekiel’s vision. Hundreds of years later John’s visions recorded in Revelation 21–22 were like Ezekiel’s vision. They showed when Ezekiel’s vision would come true. This would be when God created a new heaven and new earth in the new creation.

44:1–31

Now that the glory of the Lord had returned to the temple, access was critical. Who could approach this holy God? Like Ezekiel 43, this chapter focuses on the temple’s entrances and exits, as well as the duties and procedures for its use.

44:2

The outer east gate must always stay closed because the Lord has returned to his temple and will never leave it again. He made this gate holy by passing through it, so no one else should use it.

44:3

The prince had the special privilege of being the only one allowed to feast in the Lord’s presence inside the east outer gateway. However, he could only enter and leave the portico from the outer court. He was not to enter from outside the temple complex through the gate, as the Lord had. The earthly ruler is a man, not God, and he must submit to God. The prince must also remember that the temple is God’s palace, not his own private chapel.

44:6–8

The people of Israel were called rebels because they did not control access to the sanctuary. They hired uncircumcised foreigners as temple guards and gatekeepers. The Levites should have done this job, as the Lord assigned it to them (compare Ezekiel 44:10).

44:9

No foreigner: This was not a complete ban on non-Israelites entering the sanctuary. It only applied to those who were uncircumcised and had not dedicated themselves to the Lord. True converts could join the new Israel (see Ezekiel 47:22–23).

44:10

when Israel went astray, and who wandered away from Me after their idols: The people often turned away from the Lord and worshiped idols instead. They did not keep the instructions God had given them for temple worship.

One specific example was the use of foreigners as temple guards (Ezekiel 44:8). God had given clear directions about who should serve in the temple. By ignoring these instructions, the people showed their unfaithfulness.

44:12–14

  • The Levites had led Israel into serious sin. The people turned away from the Lord and worshiped idols.

    Because of this sin, the Levites could no longer enter the inner court of the temple as the priests did. This was one result of their disobedience. However, God still showed them grace. They would continue to serve by helping the people and by killing the animals offered as sacrifices.

  • The people as a whole were now kept at a greater distance from God because of their idolatry. Before the exile in Babylon, they killed their own sacrifices(see Leviticus 1:5, 11). Now they had to give the animals to the Levites, who would kill them on their behalf.

44:15–16

Unlike the Levites and others who turned to idols, the Levitical priests from Zadok's family stayed loyal to the Lord.

Zadok was the high priest during Solomon's time. His family was rewarded with access to the inner courtyard to perform important sacrifices closer to God.

These chapters often highlight that those who were faithful in the past would be rewarded with closer access to God and more privileges, while the unfaithful would remain farther away.

44:17–19

  • The priests had special access to God. Because of this privilege, they also had greater responsibility to live in holiness. Their behavior was more restricted than that of the people.

    They had to wear linen clothing instead of wool. This helped prevent sweat, which would make them ritually unclean (see study note on Ezekiel 36:17). They also had to keep separate garments that were used only for sacred service.

  • transmit holiness to the people with their garments: The priests had to be careful not to endanger others by passing on holiness. In the Old Testament, holiness was understood as something that could spread through contact. If a sacred object made an ordinary object or person holy, serious consequences could follow (compare Leviticus 10:1–3; 1 Samuel 6:19; 2 Samuel 6:6–7).

44:20–27

The priests had to avoid contact with death. They could not enter a place where a dead body was present. They also could not follow certain mourning customs, such as shaving their heads or letting their hair grow wild.

They were not allowed to drink wine before entering the inner courtyard. This rule helped prevent serious mistakes that could lead to death (see Leviticus 10:9).

The priests also had rules about marriage. They could marry only a virgin from Israel or the widow of a priest. These limits helped protect the purity of the priestly family line.

In all these ways, the priests were to show the people the clear difference between what was holy and what was common, and between what was clean and what was unclean.

44:28–30

The priests belonged to the Lord and received support from a share of the temple's sacrificial offerings. They did not own land or property. The Lord was their inheritance. The people supplied their needs with the firstfruits of harvests and various temple offerings.

44:31

They could not eat any bird or animal that died naturally or was attacked by another animal because they separated themselves from death.

Verse notes: Adapted by Mission Mutual (Aquifer Open Study Notes) from Tyndale Open Study Notes © 2023 Tyndale House Publishers. CC BY-SA 4.0. Section notes: Biblica Study Notes © 2023 Biblica, Inc. CC BY-SA 4.0, via BibleAquifer. About the sources